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What was the focus of Jean Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development?


A) the different kinds of thinking that occur during childhood and adulthood
B) the competing influences of the id, ego, and superego
C) the development of language
D) the relationship between intelligence and personality

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Wisdom grows as people learn to solve problems in a flexible manner.

A) True
B) False

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Civil courage refers to enforcing societal or ethical norms without considering one's own social costs.

A) True
B) False

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According to Szagun and Schauble, how do children's perceptions of courage change with age?


A) Younger children focus more on psychological risk as a requirement for courage.
B) There are no age differences in how children perceive and describe courage.
C) Older children equate courage with physical risk-taking.
D) The tendency to equate courage with the experience of fear increases with age.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What did k. K. O'Byrne and colleagues identify as the three types of courage?


A) physical, spiritual, and moral
B) vital, physical, and moral
C) interpersonal, spiritual, and physical
D) moral, interpersonal, and vital

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The affective dimension of wisdom has been shown to be a part of the cognitive dimension of wisdom.

A) True
B) False

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Research indicates that children can begin recognizing wisdom as soon as ______.


A) fifth grade
B) preschool
C) first grade
D) third grade

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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What has been determined by cross-cultural research in Japan and the United States (U.S.) about the characteristics related to wisdom?


A) People from the U.S. showed greater wisdom with age, but Japanese people showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans.
B) Both Japanese people and people from the U.S. showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans.
C) Japanese people showed greater wisdom with age, but Americans showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans.
D) Both Japanese people and people from the U.S. showed evidence of wisdom with age.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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How did Putman define psychological courage?


A) helping friends and family flourish
B) the ability to cope with the tragedies of life
C) the wisdom to manage life's difficulties
D) strength in facing one's destructive habits

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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According to Erikson, wisdom is gained through resolving crises associated with ______.


A) developing an identity
B) contributing to the next generation
C) developing autonomy and avoiding guilt
D) resolving integrity versus despair

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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What was the basis of Jack Rachman's research on courage?


A) courageous acts always take place in public
B) courage is the mirror image of fear
C) courageous acts require a certain level of physical danger
D) courage increases as people get older

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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According to Haase, what determines how people become courageous?


A) Some people are "born heroes."
B) It is genetically determined.
C) It develops through attitudes and methods of coping.
D) It can only develop from physical dangers or illnesses.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following descriptions fits the view of a wise person in Eastern cultures?


A) a person who is well-versed in philosophy
B) an individual who shows compassion for others
C) someone who stresses cognition over affection
D) a person whose intelligence allows them to learn to their heart's content

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Cicero included the characteristic of patience in his description of courage.

A) True
B) False

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Which measure of wisdom is useful for measuring dimensions such as life skills, self-knowledge, and emotional management?


A) the 3D-WS (three-dimensional wisdom scale)
B) the Sternberg conflict resolution assessment
C) the Wise Thinking and Acting Questionnaire (WITHAQ)
D) the Wisdom Development Scale

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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When determining the quality of wisdom, Piaget would challenge people to resolve real-life problems.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following best exemplifies vital courage?


A) a politician invested in a "greater good" places an unpopular vote
B) a firefighter saving a child from a burning building
C) a child with a heart transplant undergoing extensive treatment
D) a soldier standing his ground in a battle

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Describe how children vary in their views on fear's influence on courageousness.

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Students should explain that some childr...

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Which statement most accurately describes the state of self-report measures of courage?


A) Numerous psychometrically valid measures of courage have been developed, all of which have empirical support.
B) No self-report measures of courage have been developed.
C) The only measure of courage is the Values in Action scale developed by Peterson and Seligman.
D) The development of measures of courage is in its early stages because of the lack of a comprehensive theory of courage.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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